{"id":38,"date":"2025-06-17T13:00:41","date_gmt":"2025-06-17T11:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/?p=38"},"modified":"2026-04-23T19:52:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T17:52:06","slug":"1-strucna-historie-feminismu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/blog\/2025\/06\/1-strucna-historie-feminismu\/","title":{"rendered":"1. Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie feminismu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00davodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st je trochu nez\u00e1\u017eivn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, le\u010d nezbytn\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed situace, ve kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00edme. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed odstavce p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed minimum, zhu\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed dv\u011b stolet\u00ed do p\u00e1r odstavc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky feminismu sahaj\u00ed do obdob\u00ed osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 revoluce v 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy se poprv\u00e9 systematicky zformoval po\u017eadavek na rovnopr\u00e1vnost \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f. Prvn\u00ed vlna feminismu, ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako sufra\u017eetsk\u00e1, se soust\u0159edila p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, jako volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, p\u0159\u00edstup ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a mo\u017enost vlastnit majetek. Jednou z jej\u00edch hlavn\u00edch postav byla Mary Wollstonecraft, kter\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle Obhajoba pr\u00e1v \u017eeny<\/em> (1792) argumentovala, \u017ee \u017eeny nejsou p\u0159irozen\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b rozumov\u00e9 ne\u017e mu\u017ei, ale jejich intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed zaostalost je d\u016fsledkem nedostate\u010dn\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. V 19. stolet\u00ed se hnut\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo zejm\u00e9na v USA a Brit\u00e1nii, kde sufra\u017eetky organizovaly kampan\u011b za volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u017een (v \u010cSR bylo zavedeno v roce 1920). Ran\u00fd feminismus vych\u00e1zel p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z liber\u00e1ln\u00edch ide\u00e1l\u016f rovnosti a individualismu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po 1. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce byli marxist\u00e9 roz\u010darov\u00e1ni selh\u00e1n\u00edm Marxovy teorie, dle kter\u00e9 m\u011bla utla\u010dovan\u00e1 d\u011blnick\u00e1 a rolnick\u00e1 t\u0159\u00edda po sv\u00e9m vyzbrojen\u00ed povstat a svrhnout sv\u00e9 utla\u010dovatele. M\u00edsto toho v\u0161ak jejich p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci zpo\u010d\u00e1tku s nad\u0161en\u00edm pochodovali do v\u00e1lky, aby v n\u00ed zakroutili krkem nikoli sv\u00fdm vyko\u0159is\u0165ovatel\u016fm, n\u00fdbr\u017e naopak soudruh\u016fm z jin\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f. Bylo tedy t\u0159eba m\u00edsto proletari\u00e1tu naj\u00edt jinou skupinu, kter\u00e1 by prol\u00e9ty v boji za \u201espravedliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bt\u201c zastoupila. Touto \u201evyvolenou\u201c skupinou se staly \u017eeny a byly pro n\u011b vytvo\u0159eny hned t\u0159i ideologick\u00e9 sm\u011bry: radik\u00e1ln\u00ed feminismus, socialistick\u00fd feminismus a intersekcion\u00e1ln\u00ed feminismus. Jejich hlavn\u00edmi prvky jsou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Kritika syst\u00e9mu m\u00edsto individu\u00e1ln\u00ed nerovnosti<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neomarxisticky orientovan\u00fd feminismus tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee nerovnost je syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 a nahrazuje kapitalismus coby n\u00e1stroj \u00fatlaku patriarch\u00e1tem<\/span><\/strong>, coby v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem moci mu\u017e\u016f a z\u00e1kladem boje mezi pohlav\u00edmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Kulturn\u00ed hegemonie<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gramsci tvrdil, \u017ee vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda udr\u017euje moc nejen n\u00e1sil\u00edm, ale i kontrolou kultury, vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a m\u00e9di\u00ed. Ty maj\u00ed zobrazovat p\u0159irozenou \u017eenskost a mu\u017eskost jako \u201egenderov\u00e9 role<\/span>\u201c \u010di \u201esoci\u00e1ln\u00ed konstrukty\u201c, kter\u00e9 udr\u017euj\u00ed patriarch\u00e1t. C\u00edlem je rozbit\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00ed rodiny<\/span>, neboli sou\u010dasn\u00fdm marxistick\u00fdm newspeakem „dekonstrukce genderu“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Intersekcionalita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek americk\u00e9 neomarxistick\u00e9 v\u011btve feminismu, kter\u00e1 s chut\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 rasov\u00e9 hysterie v USA. Je inspirovan\u00e1 marxistickou anal\u00fdzou t\u0159\u00edd a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee \u010dern\u00e1 chud\u00e1 \u017eena za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u00fatlak jinak ne\u017e b\u00edl\u00e1 st\u0159edostavovsk\u00e1. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 neomarxistickou kritiku „redukcionismu“ (t\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed boj nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd) a spojuje feminismus s dal\u0161\u00ed neomarxistickou v\u011btv\u00ed, kterou je boj proti (kdysi skute\u010dn\u00e9mu) rasov\u00e9mu \u00fatisku. Modern\u00ed feminismus dnes tak\u00e9 \u010dasto \u00fazce spolupracuje s LGBTQ+ aktivisty (boj proti rodin\u011b), antirasisty (intersekcionalita) a environment\u00e1ln\u00edmi aktivisty (ekofeminismus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feminismus tak p\u0159echodem od rovnosti k revoluci opustil sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed c\u00edle a stal se ideologick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem levice<\/span><\/strong>. Podobn\u011b jako marxist\u00e9 cht\u011bli svrhnout kapitalismus, radik\u00e1ln\u00ed feministky dnes cht\u011bj\u00ed svrhnout \u201epatriarch\u00e1t\u201c a\u201edekonstruovat syst\u00e9m“ (heteronormativitu a rodinu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frankfurtsk\u00e1 \u0161kola, p\u016fvodn\u011b spojen\u00e1 s Institutem pro soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkum ve Frankfurtu nad Mohanem, se po n\u00e1stupu nacismu v 30. letech p\u0159esunula do USA, kde jej\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 (mj. Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer a Herbert Marcuse) na\u0161li \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b na univerzit\u00e1ch. Tento p\u0159esun akceleroval roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed marxismu do americk\u00e9ho akademick\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed jedovat\u00e9 plody tohoto vlivu se za\u010daly projevovat v 60. letech ve studentsk\u00fdch revolt\u00e1ch a p\u0159\u00edchodu hnut\u00ed hippies. Od 70. let se pak na univerzit\u00e1ch roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila kritick\u00e1 teorie<\/span> (odno\u017e neomarxismu) a genderov\u00e1 studia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern\u00ed feminismus byl zcela ovl\u00e1dnut p\u0159es akademickou sf\u00e9ru a neomarxistick\u00e9 ideje vytla\u010dily p\u016fvodn\u00ed liber\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadavky. Poslou\u017eil k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed komick\u00fdch \u201eakademick\u00fdch\u201c obor\u016f zcela odtr\u017een\u00fdch od reality, ve kter\u00fdch se to hem\u017e\u00ed pojmy jako mikroagrese, LGBTQ, genderov\u00e1 neutralita, transaktivismus nebo toxick\u00e1 maskulinita. V posledn\u00edch letech se d\u00edky prosazen\u00ed z t\u011bchto pav\u011bd vze\u0161l\u00fdch nesmysl\u016f do legislativy USA a EU za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v praxi uplat\u0148ovat i obl\u00edben\u00e1 totalitn\u00ed praxe marxist\u016f \u2013 likvidace oponent\u016f s vyu\u017eit\u00edm k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 legislativy. Viz kampan\u011b #MeToo nebo BLM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud byste se cht\u011bli o ovl\u00e1dnut\u00ed feministick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed marxisty dozv\u011bd\u011bt dal\u0161\u00ed informace, v\u0159ele doporu\u010duji rozhovor Martiny Koci\u00e1nov\u00e9 se sociologem Petrem Hl\u00e1vkou z UP v Olomouci: Gender m\u00e1 ko\u0159eny v marxismu a bol\u0161evick\u00e9m SSSR<\/a>. Je v n\u011bm podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1n zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdvoj v b\u00fdval\u00e9m SSSR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejnebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u00fatokem na rodinu je dle m\u00e9ho soudu kampa\u0148 veden\u00e1 v posledn\u00edch letech proti mate\u0159stv\u00ed. Prohla\u0161uje tradi\u010dn\u00ed rodinu za \u201ezdroj \u00fatlaku\u201c a mate\u0159stv\u00ed za soci\u00e1ln\u00ed konstrukt, kter\u00fd udr\u017euje \u017eeny v z\u00e1vislosti a „uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00e9“ v roli matky. Ta je l\u00ed\u010dena jako naprosto pod\u0159adn\u00e1, degraduj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eenu na slu\u017eku, kter\u00e1 jen koj\u00ed, ut\u00edr\u00e1 zadky d\u011btem, va\u0159\u00ed a ukl\u00edz\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toliko nezbytn\u00fd \u00favod, na kter\u00fd ve druh\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti<\/a> navazuji zamy\u0161len\u00edm nad praktick\u00fdmi dopady t\u00e9to ideologie na sou\u010dasnou spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00davodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st je trochu nez\u00e1\u017eivn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, le\u010d nezbytn\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed situace, ve kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00edme. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed odstavce p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed minimum, zhu\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed dv\u011b stolet\u00ed do p\u00e1r odstavc\u016f. Po\u010d\u00e1tky feminismu sahaj\u00ed do obdob\u00ed osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 revoluce v 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy se poprv\u00e9 systematicky zformoval po\u017eadavek na rovnopr\u00e1vnost \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f. Prvn\u00ed vlna feminismu, ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 jako […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[8,12,11,10],"class_list":["post-38","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-feminismus","tag-feminismus","tag-historie","tag-marxismus","tag-socialni-stat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":95,"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38\/revisions\/95"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nezermejimto.info\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}